Underwater Robotics

Buoyancy Calculator

Calculate buoyant force, net buoyancy, weight, and apparent mass from object mass, displaced volume, and fluid density.

P Pressure & Depth Hydrostatic conversion B Buoyancy Net force and apparent mass Ah Battery Runtime Capacity, load, reserve PWM Servo Mapper Angle to pulse width

Hydrostatics

Pressure & Depth Converter

P = rho g h
Depth 10.07 m
Gauge pressure
101.30 kPa
Absolute pressure
202.63 kPa
Depth
10.07 m / 33.03 ft

Hydrostatic pressure and depth conversion

Use this calculator to convert between underwater depth and hydrostatic pressure using P = rho g h. It is useful for pressure sensor checks, underwater enclosure planning, and quick freshwater or seawater estimates.

Underwater Robotics

Buoyancy Calculator

F_b = rho g V
Net buoyancy 2.30 N upward
Buoyant force
14.08 N
Weight
11.77 N
Apparent mass
-0.23 kg

Buoyancy and apparent mass

Estimate buoyant force from displaced volume and fluid density, then compare it with object weight. The net result helps determine whether a robot, enclosure, float, or ballast setup will rise or sink.

Embedded Systems

Battery Runtime Estimator

t = C / I
Estimated runtime 3 h 55 min
Usable capacity
1.76 Ah
Load current
0.45 A
Runtime decimal
3.91 h

Battery runtime estimate

Estimate practical runtime from battery capacity, average current draw, and usable capacity. This is intended for quick embedded system and robot power budgeting before bench testing.

Controls

Servo PWM / Angle Mapper

linear map
Pulse width 1500 us
Clamped angle
90.0 deg
Duty at 50 Hz
7.50%
Normalized position
50.0%

Servo angle to PWM pulse mapping

Convert a desired servo angle into a PWM pulse width using configurable angle and pulse ranges. This is useful for Arduino, ESP32, and robotics control code where pulse limits need to be explicit.